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Libaje vectoriale
Limbajele vectoriale generalizează operaţiile pe scalari pentru a le aplica în mod transparent vectorilor, matricelor şi altor tabele multi-dimensionale.
A+
APL
F
FIShFISh
Fortran 90 şi versiunile ulterioare
IDL
J
K
MATLAB
NESL
Nial
PDL
ZPL
Limbaje orientate pe aspect
AspectJ
CaesarJ
CLOS
Compose*
JAsCo
ObjectTeams
Limbaje de asamblare
Limbajele de asamblare corespund direct unui limbaj maşină (a se vedea mai jos), cu scopul de a permite instrucţiunilor cod-maşină să fie scrise într-o formă înţeleasă de către oameni. Limbajele de asamblare permit programatorilor să folosească adrese simbolice, care sunt apoi convertite în adrese absolute de către asamblor. Majoritatea asambloarelor permit de asemenea lucrul cu macrouri şi constante simbolice.
ASEM-51
a56 (pentrr Motorola DSP56000 DSPs, seriile DSP56k)
AKI (AvtoKod Ingenera, "autocodul inginerilor" pentru familia de calculatoare Minsk)
ASCENT (ASsembler for CENTral Processor Unit of Control Data Corporation computer systems pre-COMPASS)
ASPER (ASsembler for PERipheral Processor Units of Control Data Corporation computer systems pre-COMPASS)
C-- (nume folosit de câteva limbaje care aduc limbajul C mai aproape de Asamblor)
COMPASS (COMPrehensive ASSembler)
Emu8086 (x86 asamblor şi emulatorul microprocesorului Intel 8086)
FAP (FORTRAN Assembly Program, for IBM 709, 7090, 7094 mainframes)
FASM (Flat Assembler; IA-32, IA-64)
GAS (GNU Assembler)
HLA (High Level Assembler)
HLASM (High Level Assembler, for mainframes)
Linoleum (for cross platform use)
MACRO-11 (for DEC PDP-11)
MACRO-32 (for DEC VAX)
MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler)
MI (Machine Interface, compile-time intermediate language)
NASM (Netwide Assembler)
PAL-III (for DEC PDP-8)
RosASM (32 bit Assembler; The Bottom Up Assembler)
Sphinx C-- (mixes Assembly commands with C-like structures)
SSK (Sistema Simvolicheskogo Kodirovaniya, or "System of symbolic coding" for Minsk family of computers
TASM (Turbo Assembler, Borland)
Authoring languages
Bigwig
Coursewriter
PILOT
TUTOR
Limbaje shell
Command line interface (CLI) languages are also called batch languages, or job control languages. Examples:
sh (the standard Unix shell, written by Stephen Bourne)
bash (the "Bourne-Again" shell from GNU/FSF)
CHAIN
Ch (C-compatible shell)
CLIST (MVS Command List)
csh (C-like shell from Bill Joy at UC Berkeley)
DCL DIGITAL Command Language - standard CLI language for VMS (DEC, Compaq, HP)
DOS batch language (standard CLI/batch language for the IBM PC running DR-DOS, MS-DOS, or PC-DOS before Windows)
EXEC
EXEC 2
JCL
ksh (another standard Unix shell, written by David Korn)
Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
REXX
Winbatch (Windows batch file language)
zsh
Limbaje compilate
Aceste limbaje sunt procesate tipic de compilatoare, deşi teoretic, orice limbaj poate fi compilat sau interpretat.
Ada (multi-purpose language)
ALGOL (extremely influential language design. The second high level language compiler.)
SMALL Machine Algol Like Language
BASIC (some dialects, including the first version of Dartmouth BASIC)
C (one of the most widely-used procedural programming languages)
C++
C# (compilat în limbajul intermediar bytecode)
CLEO (Clear language for expressing orders) used the compiler for the British Leo computers
CLush (Lush)
COBOL
Common Lisp
Corn
D
Delphi (Borland's Object Pascal development system)
Fortran (the first high level, compiled, language, from IBM, John Backus, et al)
Java (originally from Sun Microsystems; usually compiled into JVM bytecode although true compiled versions exist)
Nemerle (compiled into Intermediate Language bytecode)
Ocaml
Pascal (most implementations)
Scheme (some implementations, e.g. Gambit)
Standard ML
Visual Basic (from Microsoft)
Visual Foxpro
Visual Prolog
Limbaje concatenative
Concatenative languages express programs as the concatenation of smaller programs.
Factor
Forth
Joy
Limbaje concurente
Message-passing languages provide language constructs for concurrency. The predominant paradigm for concurrency in mainstream languages such as Java is shared-memory concurrency based on monitors. Concurrent languages that make use of message-passing have generally been inspired by CSP or the π-calculus, but have had little commercial success, except for Ada and Erlang. Ada is a multipurpose language and concurrent programming is only one option available.
Ada (multi-purpose language)
Afnix – concurrent access to data is protected automatically (previously called Aleph, but unrelated to Alef)
Alef – concurrent language with threads and message passing, used for systems programming in early versions of Plan 9 from Bell Labs
ChucK – domain specific programming language for audio, precise control over concurrency and timing
Cilk – a concurrent C
Cω – C Omega, a research language extending C#, uses asynchronous communication
Concurrent Pascal (by Brinch-Hansen)
Corn
Curry
E – uses promises, ensures deadlocks cannot occur
Erlang – uses asynchronous message passing with nothing shared
Java (limbaj de programare)
Join Java – concurrent language based on the Java programming language
Join-calculus
Joule – dataflow language, communicates by message passing
Limbo – relative of Alef, used for systems programming in Inferno (operating system)
MultiLisp – Scheme variant extended to support parallelism
occam – influenced heavily by Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP).
occam-π – a modern variant of occam, which incorporates ideas from Milner's π-calculus
Oz – multiparadigm language, supports shared-state and message-passing concurrency, and futures
Mozart Programming System – multiplatform Oz
Pict – essentially an executable implementation of Milner's π-calculus
SALSA – actor language with token-passing, join, and first-class continuations for distributed computing over the Internet
SR – research language
Limbaje cu acolade
Limbajele de programare cu acolade au o sintaxă ce foloseşte acolade (caracterele { şi }) pentru a delimita blocurile de instrucţiuni. Toate aceste limbaje sunt descendente sau influenţate din C.
ABCL/c+
C - dezvoltat în 1970 la Bell Labs
C++
C#
Ch - embeddable C/C++ interpreter
Cilk - concurrent C for multithreaded parallel programming
ChucK - audio programming language
Coyote - safer C variant to lower the likelihood of some common errors, e.g., buffer overflows
Cyclone - safer C variant
D - safer faster C/C++ variant
DINO
E
ECMAScript a.k.a. ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript
Frink
Java
LPC
Nemerle - combines C# and ML features
Perl
PHP
Pico
Pike
SuperCollider
The Unix shells: AWK, C shell (csh)
UnrealScript
Yorick
Limbaje de modelare
Dataflow languages rely on a (usually visual) representation of the flow of data to specify the program. Frequently used for reacting to discrete events or for processing streams of data. Examples of dataflow languages include:
Hartmann pipelines
LabVIEW
Max
Prograph
Pure data
VEE
VisSim
Limbaje orientate spre date
Data-oriented languages provide powerful ways of searching and manipulating the relations that have been described as entity relationship tables which map one set of things into other sets. Examples of data-oriented languages include:
dBase a relational database access language
M (an ANSI standard general purpose language with specializations for database work.)
SQL
Tutorial D, see also The Third Manifesto
Visual Foxpro native rdbms engine, object oriented, functional, RAD
Clarion
Limbaje structurate ca date
Data-structured languages are those where logic is structured in ways similar to their data. Such languages are generally well suited to reflection and introspection. Examples:
Array-based
APL
J
List-based
Joy
Lisp
Arc
Dylan
CodeSimian programming language (similar to Lisp, but made with Java)
Scheme
Logo
Lush
Tcl
TRAC
Stack-based (open stacks)
Forth
Poplog
PostScript
Assembly languages which statically link data inline with instructions can be considered data-structured, in the most primitive way.
Limbaje declarative
Declarative languages describe a problem rather than defining a solution. Declarative programming stands in contrast to Imperative programming via imperative programming languages, where serial orders (imperatives) are given to a computer. In addition to the examples given just below, all (pure) Functional and Logic-based programming languages are also declarative. In fact, "functional" and "logical" constitute the usual subcategories of the declarative category.
ABSET
Lustre
MetaPost
Prolog
SQL
XSL Transformations
Limbaje de extensie
Extension programming languages are languages intended to be embedded into another program and used to harness its features in extension scripts.
AutoLISP (specific to AutoCAD)
Guile
Lua
REXX
TAGZ (specific to foobar2000 and Winamp)
Limbaje de generaţia a patra
Fourth-generation programming languages are high-level languages built around database systems. They are generally used in commercial environments.
ABAP
ADMINS
BuildProfessional
CorVision
GraphTalk de la CSC
Focus
GEMBASE
Informix-4GL / Aubit-4GL
LINC
Oracle Express 4GL
Revolution Revolution isn't built around a database, but the goal is still to operate at a higher level of abstraction than 3GLs
SAS
Today
Ubercode (VHLL, or very high level language)
Visual DataFlex
Visual Foxpro
Limbaje funcţionale
Functional programming languages define programs and subroutines as mathematical functions. Many so-called functional languages are "impure", containing imperative features. Not surprisingly, many of these languages are tied to mathematical calculation tools. Functional languages include:
APL
Charity
Clean (purely functional)
CodeSimian programming language
Curry
Dylan
Erlang
F#
Haskell (pur funcţional)
J
Joy
Lisp
Lush
Maple
Mathematica
ML
Nemerle
Ocaml
Opal
OPS5
Q
REFAL
Scheme
Spreadsheets
Limbaje interpretate
Interpreted languages are programming languages which programs may be executed from source code form, by an interpreter.
APL
AutoIt scripting language
BASIC (some dialects)
CodeSimian programming language
Databus (later versions added optional compiling)
Forth
Frink
J
Lisp (early versions, pre-1962, and some experimental ones; production Lisp systems are compilers)
Lush
Pascal (early implementations)
REXX
VBScript
Some scripting languages (below)
Limbaje iterative- limbaje care oferă generatori.
Aldor
Alphard
CLU
Icon
IPL-v
Lua
Lush
Python
Sather
Limbaje specializate
Little languages serve a specialized problem domain.
awk can serve as a prototyping language for C, because the syntax is similar
SQL has only a few keywords, and not all the constructs needed for a full programming language
Limbaje logice
Logic-based languages specify a set of attributes that a solution must have, rather than a set of steps to obtain a solution. Examples:
ALF
Curry
Janus
Leda
Oz
Mozart Programming System a multiplatform Oz
Prolog (formulates data and the program evaluation mechanism as a special form of mathematical logic called Horn logic and a general proving mechanism called logical resolution)
Visual Prolog (object-oriented Prolog extension)
Mercury (based on Prolog)
ROOP
Limbaje maşină
Machine languages are directly executable by a computer's CPU. They are typically formulated as bit patterns, usually represented in octal or hexadecimal. Each group of npatterns (often 1 or more bytes) causes the circuits in the CPU to execute one of the fundamental operations of the hardware. The activation of specific electrical inputs (eg, CPU package pins for microprocessors), and logical settings for CPU state values, control the processor's computation. Individual machine languages are processor specific and are not portable. They are (essentially) always defined by the CPU developer, not by 3rd parties. The symbolic version, the processor's assembly language, is also defined by the developer, in most cases. Since processors come in families which are based on a shared architecture, the same basic assembly language style can often be used for more than one CPU. Each of the following CPUs served as the basis for a family of processors:
ARM
Intel 80x86
Intel 8008/8080/8085
MIPS R2000|R3000
MOS Tech 6502
Motorola 680x
Motorola 680x0
National 32032
IBM POWER, PowerPC
StrongARM
Sun SPARC, UltraSPARC
Limbaje de Macrouri
Macro languages embed small pieces of executable code inside a piece of free-form text.
C Preprocessor
M4 (originally from AT&T, bundled with Unix)
PHP
SMX
Stage 2
Scripting languages such as Tcl and ECMAScript (a.k.a. ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript) have been embedded into applications so that they behave like macro languages.
Limbaje multi-paradigmă
Multiparadigm languages support more than one programming paradigm. They allow a program to use more than one programming style. The goal is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.
Ada (concurrent, distributed, generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
ALF (functional, logic)
APL (functional, imperative)
BETA (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
C++ (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
ChucK (imperative, object-oriented, time-based, concurrent, on-the-fly)
Common Lisp (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), aspect-oriented, (user may add further paradigms, e.g., logic))
Corn (concurrent, generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Curry (concurrent, functional, logic)
D (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Dylan (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
J (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
JavaScript (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
LabVIEW (dataflow, visual)
Leda (functional, imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based))
Lua (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
Nemerle (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative)
Objective Caml (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Oz (functional (evaluation: eager, lazy), logic, constraint, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), concurrent, distributed)
Mozart Programming System (multiplatform Oz)
Object Pascal (imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Perl (imperative, functional (can't be purely functional), object-oriented, class-oriented, aspect-oriented (through modules))
PHP (imperative, object-oriented)
Pliant (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Prograph (dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual)
Python (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
REBOL (functional, object-oriented (prototype-based))
ROOP (imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based)
Ruby (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
SISAL (concurrent, dataflow, functional)
Spreadsheets (functional, visual)
Tcl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
Limbaje de analiză numerică
Algae
Limbaje bazate pe alte limbi decât limba engleză
ARLOGO - Limba arabă
Chinese BASIC - Limba chineză
Fjölnir - Limba islandeză
HPL - Limba ebraică
Lexico - Limba spaniolă
Rapira - Limba rusă
var'aq - Limba Klingonă
Limbaje orientate obiect
Object-oriented programming languages support 'data & method' objects. The data structures are defined in object classes, which also include executable code (methods). Thus the effects of a change to the code remain localized. Object classes can be extended by inheritance in most of these languages. Examples:
Actor
Ada 95 (multi-purpose language)
BETA
C++
C#
Chrome programming language
ChucK
Common Lisp
Corn
D
Delphi
Dylan
ECMAScript a.k.a. ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript (originally from Sun and Netscape)
Eiffel
F-Script
Fortran 2003
Fortress
J
Java (closely related to C++, but with built-in garbage collection, removal of unsafe features and some advanced ones, compilation to universally runnable 'bytecode', protective sandbox for security -- originally from Sun Microsystems)
Lava
Lua
Modula-2 (data abstraction, information hiding, strong typing, full modularity -- from N Wirth)
Modula-3 (added more object oriented features to Modula-2)
Objective Modula-2 (Modula-2 with Smalltalk message passing, following the Objective-C object model)
Nemerle
NetRexx
Oberon (full object orientation equivalence in an original, strongly typed, Wirthian manner)
Object Pascal
Object REXX
Objective-C (a superset of C adding a Smalltalk derived object model and message passing syntax)
Objective Caml
Oz
Mozart Programming System
Perl 5
PHP
Pliant
PowerBuilder
Prograph
Python (object oriented interpretive language)
Revolution (programmer does not get to pick the objects)
Ruby
Sather
Simula (the first object oriented language, from Norway)
Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, originally from Xerox PARC)
Bistro
F-Script
Little Smalltalk
Squeak
VisualAge
VisualWorks
SuperCollider
Ubercode
VBScript (Microsoft Office 'macro scripting' language)
Visual Basic
Visual DataFlex
Visual Foxpro
Visual Prolog
XOTcl
Limbaje orientate pe prototip
Object-oriented languages where the distinction between classes and instances have been removed:
ABCL/1
ABCL/R
ABCL/R2
ABCL/c plus
ActionScript
Agora
Cecil
CodeSimian programming language
ECMAScript a.k.a. ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
Io
MOO
NewtonScript
Obliq
REBOL
Self (the first prototype-based language, derived from Smalltalk)
Slate
TADS
Off-side rule languages
Off-side rule languages are those where blocks are formed, indicated, by their indentation.
ISWIM, the abstract language that introduced the rule
ABC, Python's parent
Python
Miranda, Haskell's parent
Haskell
Curry
Occam
Pliant
Limbaje procedurale
Procedural programming languages are based on the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range of an executable code statement). A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on the language. Examples of procedural languages include:
Ada (multi-purpose language)
ALGOL (extremely influential language design. The second high level language compiler.)
SMALL Machine Algol Like Language
BASIC (BASICs are innocent of most modularity in (especially) versions prior to about 1990)
C
C++ (C with objects + much else)
C# (from Microsoft, a next generation Java/C++ like language)
ChucK (C/Java-like syntax, with new syntax elements for time and parallelism)
ColdFusion
COBOL
Component Pascal (an Oberon-2 variant)
D
Delphi
ECMAScript a.k.a. ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript
Fortran (better modularity in later Standards)
F
FPC Pascal (Pascal dialect)
Java
Modula-2 (fundamentally based on modules)
Oberon and Oberon-2 (improved, smaller, faster, safer follow-ons for Modula-2)
MATLAB
M (more modular in its first release than a language of the time should have been; the standard has become still more modular since then)
Nemerle
Occam
Pascal (successor to Algol60 and predecessor of Modula-2)
Perl
PL/C
PL/I (large general purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes)
Rapira
Seed7
VBScript
Visual Basic
Visual Foxpro
Limbaje reflexive
Reflective languages let programs examine and possibly modify their high level structure at runtime. This is most common in high-level virtual machine programming languages like Smalltalk, and less common in lower-level programming languages like C. Languages and platforms supporting reflection:
Aspect-oriented
Befunge
ChucK
Curl
CodeSimian programming language
Dylan
ECMAScript a.k.a. ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript
Eiffel
Forth
Java
Java Virtual Machine
Lisp
Logo
Lua
Maude system
.NET Common Language Runtime
Oberon
Objective-C
Objective Modula-2
Perl
PHP
Pico
Pliant
POP-11
Poplog
Prolog
Python
REBOL
Ruby
Scheme
Self
Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, originally from Xerox PARC)
Bistro
F-Script
Little Smalltalk
Squeak
VisualAge
VisualWorks
Snobol
Tcl
XOTcl
Limbaje bazate pe reguli
Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of data. Of all possible activations, some set will be selected and the statements belonging to those rules will be executed. Examples of rule-based languages include:
Clips
Constraint Handling Rules
Jess
OPS5
Prolog
Limbaje de scripting
"Scripting language" has two apparently different, but in fact similar meanings.
In a traditional sense, scripting languages are designed to automate frequently used tasks that usually involve calling or passing commands to external programs.
Many complex application programs allow users to implement custom functions by providing them with built-in languages. Those which are of interpretive type, are often called scripting languages.
More recently many of these applications have chosen to "build in" traditional scripting languages, such as Perl or Visual Basic, but there are quite a few "native" scripting languages still in use.
Many scripting languages are compiled to bytecode and then this (usually) platform independent bytecode is run through a virtual machine (compare to Java).
AWK
AppleScript
BeanShell
Ch (Embeddable C/C++ interpreter)
CLIST
ColdFusion
ECMAScript a.k.a. ActionScript, DMDScript, JavaScript, JScript
EXEC
EXEC 2
F-Script
Frink
Groovy
ICI
Io
JASS
Lua
Mondrian
Perl
PHP (intended for Web servers)
Python
REXX
Ruby
Sed
Tcl
Revolution
VBScript
Many shell command languages such as the UNIX shell or DCL on VMS have powerful scripting capabilities.
Limbaje pentru sisteme în timp real
Synchronous programming languages are optimized for programming reactive systems, systems that are often interrupted and must respond quickly. Many such systems are also called realtime systems, and are found often in embedded uses. Examples:
Argos
Averest
Esterel
LEA
Lustre
Signal
SyncCharts
Analizoare lexicale
GNU bison (FSF's version of Yacc)
GNU Flex (FSF's version of Lex)
Lex (Lexical analysis, from Bell Labs)
M4
yacc (yet another compiler compiler, from Bell Labs)
javacc
Limbaje vizuale
Visual programming languages let users specify programs in a two-(or more)-dimensional way, instead of as one-dimensional text strings, via graphic layouts of various types.
Some Dataflow languages
Fabrik
Hyperpascal
LabVIEW
Lava
Limnor
Max
Mindscript - software visualization and development environment, open source
Pict
Prograph
Pure Data
Quartz Composer
Simulink
Spreadsheets
Subtext
Tinkertoy
VEE
VisSim
VVVV
Limbaje Wirth
Computer scientist Niklaus Wirth designed and implemented several influential languages.
Algol W
Modula
Modula-2
Oberon
Pascal
Limbaje bazate pe XML(Extended Markup Language)
These are languages based on or that operate on XML. Although the big-boy equivalents of Oracle/PostgreSQL/MSSQL don't yet exist for XML, there are languages to navigate through it and its more tree-oriented structure.
ECMAScript E4X
Jelly
XPath
XQuery
XSLT
sursa: wikipedia.org
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